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高考英语长难句分析2018真题_2014高考英语长难句

tamoadmin 2024-05-29 人已围观

简介1.如何攻克英语阅读理解长难句2.如何分析英语长难句3.英语长难句分析4.求大神分析英语长难句5.英语四六级长难句结构分析经典一百句6.英语阅读理解长难句的处理技巧2014年广东高考英语答案解析 I 语言知识及应用(共两节,满分45分) 第一节 完形填空(共15小题;每小题2分,满分30分)答案及解析: (“可乐”解释) 本文首先指出父母与十几岁的孩子之间存在矛盾冲突及其原因,然后是

1.如何攻克英语阅读理解长难句

2.如何分析英语长难句

3.英语长难句分析

4.求大神分析英语长难句

5.英语四六级长难句结构分析经典一百句

6.英语阅读理解长难句的处理技巧

高考英语长难句分析2018真题_2014高考英语长难句

2014年广东高考英语答案解析

I 语言知识及应用(共两节,满分45分)

第一节 完形填空(共15小题;每小题2分,满分30分)

答案及解析: (“可乐”解释)

本文首先指出父母与十几岁的孩子之间存在矛盾冲突及其原因,然后是研究发现的不同父母对此采取的不同方法,有的方法较另一些方法更有效果,最后一段是心理学家对解决冲突的建议。

1. D 由not easy living with them (their parents) (孩子觉得与父母生活在一起不易)与difficult to live with teenagers(父母觉得与十几岁的孩子生活在一起很难)可知,孩子与父母有“相似的”感受。(逻辑推断)

2. B 由前两句,可知父母之间有“矛盾”,再根据regarding untidiness and daily routine tasks(关于不整洁和日常事情),对照各选项,只有argument(争吵)适合。(逻辑推断)

3. C 由前句的untidiness和后面的clothes thrown on the floor可知,房间是messy(凌乱不堪的)。(逻辑推断;也可将untidiness与messy看作是近义复现)

4. B 由上文提到的收拾房间之类的事,应是housework(家务活)。(上下义复现)

5. C 由后面的not cleaning up their room or refusing to do the shopping可知,这里应是dropping the towel in the bathroom,一起为blame them的原因。(逻辑推断,或词语同现,受责备的应都是负面的意思)

6. A 由下句的However, some approaches提示,可知这里是指“不同的父母对待这些问题有不同的‘方法’”。 (原词复现)

7. D 从下面的例子可以看出,有的方法比别的方法更能“达到预期的目的(successful)”。下文中的do better也有提示作用。(逻辑推断)

8. A 指yell at their children(对孩子大声叫喊)之后,意为“但是‘后来’又为他们清扫房间”。 (逻辑推断)

9. A 改变孩子不爱整洁的“行为(behavior)”。 (逻辑推断)

10. C 据下文所举的例子“不帮父母去买东西”“在冰箱里就找不到自己最喜欢的饮料”可知,这是让孩子“感受到自己的行为产生的‘后果’”。 (逻辑推断)

11. D 在有了上述经历之后,他们就会“重新考虑”他们的行动。(逻辑推断)

12. A 由下文中的Communication is a two-way process可知,此处填communication。事实上,当完成第13空后,就基本上确定此题选A了。(原词复现)

13. D 由but可知,要选与lend an ear to(=listen to倾听)相对的talk。(词语同现;逻辑推断)

14. B 由but可知,要选与understand (理解)相对的scold(责骂)。(词语同现;逻辑推断)

15. C 此句是强调结构,是对前两句的总结,一句是说要lend an ear to(=listen to倾听),一句是说要understand (倾听),所以总结为“只有通过倾听和相互理解,父母与孩子之间的问题才可得到解决”。 (原词复现)

第二节 语法填空(共10小题;每小题1.5分,满分15分)

本文是讲我和我兄弟去Miami(迈阿密)旅游,当到达目的地后,来到六个月前订的宾馆,却意外被告知订的房间是下个星期的,且该宾馆房间已订满。正当不知如何办时,经理出来了,将他们安排在留出来的VIP房间,且不另外收他们的钱,这真是个意外的意外。

16. it 在said后的宾语从句中缺主语,应填代词;指代前句中的Miami这个地方,应用it。

17. earlier 在句中作状语,依然用副词;不变词性,可考虑用比较级;由时态had made,可知是“早在六个月前”就订好了。

18. were told 由句意或tell sb. sth.这一句型结构可知,是“我们被告知”,由上下文的时态可知,用一般过去时的被动语态。

19. but 这是考虑not…but…结构,意为“不是为那个星期订的,而是为后一个星期所订的”。

20. why 意为“我不知道为什么会发生这样的事”,故用why引导宾语从句。

21. for 因charge…for…是习惯搭配。

22. surprisingly 因本句已有作表语的形容词helpful,所以应当用副词来修饰形容词helpful,指“令人惊讶地,意外的”,故填surprisingly。

23. the 特指“在顶楼”。

24. where 先行词是地点the beach且在定语从句中作状语,故填where (=on which =and on the beach =and there)。

25. sunburnt 在表示“变化”的got后作表语,要用形容词;sunburn是名词。

Ⅱ 阅读(共两节,满分50分)

第一节 阅读理解(共20小题;每小题2分,满分40分)

答案及解析:

本文是记叙文,介绍有音乐天才的Samuel Osmond。

26. D 细节理解题。由第一段中的However, he can play very difficult musical pieces by musicians such as Chopin and Beethoven just a few minutes after he hears them可知选D。顺便提醒,有however或but的地方往往是出题的地方,可以注意哟。

27. B 细节理解题。由第二段最后两句 “Samuel wanted to become a lawyer as it was the wish of his parents,but music teachers told him he should study music instead. Now, he studies law and music”可知选B,Samuel按照父母的意愿是想做律师的,而不是做音乐家。因按父母的意愿是学法律,按老师的建议学音乐,故D错。

28. C 综合细节题。由第三段最一句Samuel can’t understand why everyone is so surprised和第三四句 “I suddenly decided to start playing the piano, without being able to read music and without having any lessons. It comes easily to me ---I hear the notes and can bear them in mind---each and every note”可知,他不用看音符就能演奏钢琴,故选C。

29. B 推断隐含意义。由第四段最后一句Samuel says confidently, “It’s all about super memory---I guess I have that gift.”可推出。

30. B 选择标题题。也属主旨要义题。每段都有Samuel,全文都是说学法津的Samuel有音乐天才。

答案及解析:

31. B 细节推断题。第一段说Natalie Smith 为其后面的六辆车交费,第二段交等了其中的原因,是她看到的 “Practice random kindness and senseless acts of beauty”这句话给了她深刻印象,由此推断,她是受这句话的启发,“想给他人施恩”,故选B。

32. A 细节理解题。由第三段第三句“I thought it was beautiful,” she said, explaining why she’d taken to writing it at the bottom of all her letters可知,选A。选项B文中无信息支持,无中生有;选项C“决定将其写在仓库墙上”与文中“看到离家很远的一个仓库墙上看到这句话”意义不同,张冠李戴;虽然文中有她老公将其写在教室的墙上,但并不是她要他写的,更不是她抄写这句话的目的,与事实不符。

33. D 细节理解题。本题是问“谁想出这句话来的”,由第四段中的 “It was in a restaurant that Anne wrote the phrase down on a piece of paper”可知,是Anne Herbert想出这句话来的。可用排除法,Natalie Smith是在朋友的冰霜上看到的,Judy Foreman是在仓库的墙上抄下来的,Alice Johnson是从她女儿那得知的,她女儿是因为Judy Foreman的老公将此句写在教室的墙上而得知的,故不是这三个人想出来的。

34. C 推断句子意义。推断词、短语或句子意思,需结合上下文去理解。本段中先是Anne Herbert解释她想出的那句话意为:你认为(生活中或世界上)应该多一些存在的事,那么你就随意去做这样的事。接说着她想象中的这类事包括“给破旧教室粉墙”“在穷人区的厨房里留下热饭”等善举。那么该段结尾的话“善举和暴力一样可以在它们自己的基础上建立起来”,其真正的含义是什么呢?再看看接下来这一段,特别是第一句“随意的善举是可以传播或蔓延”,可知“善举同暴力一样是可以自我繁衍的”,故选C。

35. B 推理判断题。由最后一段的第一和第二句可以推知:受到恩惠的人很可能会施惠于他人,将恩惠传播下去。

答案及解析:

本文作者叙述的是自己申请叫做灯塔计划的志愿者工作的过程和被选作志愿者后去阿布加附近的一个小村庄工作的经历,这段经历让作者学到了许多,改变了人生。

36. A 细节理解题。由第一段第二句 “My degree, with honors, in English literature had not really prepared me for anything practical”可知,作者的大学教育注重的是理解知识,选A。

37. A 推理判断题。由第二段最后一句In short, I did not take my decision to apply for the Lighthouse Project lightly. Neither did my family(总之,我并不是轻易决定申请灯塔计划的,我的家人也一样不是轻易决定的)和第三段首句Eventually, however, I won the support of my family(然而,最后我赢得了家人的赞同)可以推断出,作者是同家人讨论商量过的。

38. D 推理判断题。由第二段的第二句 “After countless interviews and presentations, I managed to stand out among the candidates and survive the test alone”可推知,作者面临了与其他候选人的激烈竞争。选项A“参加了许多讨论”,文中无信息支持,是无中生有,应排除;选项B“经历了富有挑战性的生存测试”,特别是由survival可知,编题者利用了文中的只言片语(survive, test),编造与文中不符的信息,迷惑考生,应排除;选项C“写了相当多的有关志愿者工作的论文”与文中“sent in all the paperwork needed for the application(呈送申请所需要的文书)”不符,应排除。故选D。

39. C 细节理解题。由第四段Though the local villagers were poor, they offered their homes, hearts, and food as if I were their own family可知,一到达这个村庄时,他受到村民的热情接待,故选C。文中信息具体,正确选项是对其概括。

40. A 推理判断题。由最后一段第一句all those things that had seemed so strange or unusual to me no longer did(他当初觉得奇怪或不寻常的所有事现在都不再觉得奇怪了)可推断,已适应了,但当初不适应时要适应这些,是有困难的,故选A。

答案及解析:

本文是说明文,介绍了一种研究洋流的特别方式。

41. B 词义猜测题。由前面的so many shoes和后面的to try and match left and right shoes to sell or wear,特别是sell,可知是建立交易市场,故选B。

42. C 细节理解题。由第二段二、三、四句 “He phoned the shoe company and asked if they wanted the shoes back. As expected, the company told him that they didn't. Ebbesmeyer realized this could be a great experiment”可知,选C。

43. A 细节理解题。由第三段第二句Ebbesmeyer got to know a lot of them (serious beachcombers) and asked for their help in collecting information about where the shoes landed及其后几句可知,选A,“通过海滩清理者收集信息”。

44. D 细节理解题。由第四段第一句Ebbesmeyer has become known as the scientist to call with questions about any unusual objects found floating in the ocean可知,选D。

45. C 写作目的题,也属主旨大意题。文章主题句在第一段,即However, ocean expert Curtis Ebbesmeyer does it in a special way---by studying movements of random floating garbage,由此可知选C。

第二节信息匹配(共5小题;每小题2分,满分10分)

阅读下列应用文及相关信息,并按照要求匹配信息,请在答题卡上将对应题号的相应选项字母涂黑。

首先请阅读某大学提供给学生的项目信息:

答案及解析:

46. B 题中organize an outdoor activity, as an instructor与选项B中的organize sports activities and other outdoor pursuits, as an instructor相匹配。

47. C 题中I can help the elderly and the disabled与选项C中the physically and mentally handicapped, …the elderly相匹配。

48. D 题中if only I could stay in Spain (西班牙[欧洲]) as an exchange student与选项D中的studying at a foreign university in Europe相匹配。

49. F 题中I’m well prepared to work as a language instructor与F中的Language Teachers Abroad相匹配。

50. E 题中wildlife, I specialize in zoology, and I’m a good observer与monitoring wildlife相匹配。

Ⅲ 写作(共两节,满分40分)

第一节 基础写作(共1小题;满分15分)

你接受了一项写作任务,要为当地英语晚报写一篇报道。

参考范文:

Version 1:

Richard Avis, a British who was born on December 1st, 1974, has started to look for time twins in the world since 2011 in order to know about different meanings of successful life in different culture. He uses the local media to help himself. So far, he has found 32 people, including 17 men and 15 women from 13 countries. They are government officials, athletes, drivers, teachers and artists. He plans to find 40 time twins before his fortieth birthday and then he intends to write a book according to this experience.

第二节 读写任务(共1小题;满分25分)

阅读下面短文,然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。

参考范文:

Version 1:

Oseola McCarty was a laundrywoman for more than 75 years. She earned a few dollars each time. But she donated $150,000 which was her life savings to help the students who needed financial help.

I think her behavior is worth praising and very unselfish. Everyone should help others in need. But how much to donate should be based on our actual situation. The $150,000 is very helpful to the students who have financial problems. They can buy many things they need as other students. And they may be more grateful and kinder. Therefore, it’s more likely for them to help others in the future.

If I am going to give donations, I will choose students too. They are in the most important period in their life. They need to get a long education. They have to buy a lot of books, pencil-cases, pens, erasers and so on, which will certainly cost a lot. They are growing up rapidly, which needs a lot of nutrition. If they don’t have enough money, they can’t eat enough food and take in enough energy. In a word, money is very important to students.

如何攻克英语阅读理解长难句

下列情况 如果属实 是一个可以衡量评测一家公司和其他没有与这家公司竞争的企业 而不是这家公司的竞争对手的有效理由 这里的定语从句中it指代前面的company 有一个隐藏的短语 benchmark A against B 在A和B间评测 我高考英语103 总分120 可以相信我 望采纳

如何分析英语长难句

  一、什么是长难句

 复合长句,即包含各种语法关系和特殊句型的句子。英语多长句,这是因为英语可以有后置定语。扩展的后置定语可以是带从句或长修饰语的复杂句。这些句子结构复杂,逻辑性强。但是,无论多长的句子、多么复杂的结构,它们都是由一些基本的成分组成的。只要弄清英语原文的句法结构,找出整个句子的中心内容及其各层意思,然后分析各层意思之间的逻辑关系。下面我们从结构、逻辑以及一些英语中的'长难句来解析长难句的翻译以及理解。

  二、英语长句的特点

 英语长句一般指的是各种复杂句,复杂句里可能有多个从句,从句与从句之间的关系可能包含、嵌套,也可能并列,平行。从功能来说,英语有三大复合句,即:

 ①名词性从句,包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句;②形容词性从句,即我们平常所说的定语从句;③状语从句。

 一般说来,英语长句有如下几个特点:

 1)结构复杂,逻辑层次多;

 2)常须根据上下文作词义的引申;

 3)常须根据上下文对指代词的指代关系做出判断;

 4)并列成分多;

 5)修饰语多,特别是后置定语很长;

 6)习惯搭配和成语经常出现。

  三、高考英语难句分析方法

 第一类:复杂修饰成分

 句子本不难,但是修饰成分多且长。

 1、从句(定语、状语、同位语从句等等);2、介词短语修饰;3、分词修饰;4、不定式修饰。经常是在同一个句子里既有从句又有介词短语,且都不止一个。

 第二类:大段的插入与或同位语,打断读者的思路,割裂前后之间的语义,造成理解的困难。我们称之为"打岔"。

 第三类:倒装:由于应该放在句首的成分太长,因此倒装到句末。也是一种人为现象。

 第四类:省略:相对以上三种来讲比较简单,在短句中大家一般都可以看出。

 实战演练

 1.Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large. " comfonable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.

 [句子主干] Towns…sprang up…classes who…, and who…

 [语法难点]

 1)有并列从句。分析句子主干很容易看到这也是一个典型的定语从句结构,分句由who…,and who…两个并列结构组成。注意like并不是谓语而是介词短语作定语,真正的主句谓语是sprang of。retire on指“依靠什么而退休(多跟表收入的名词)”。

 2)that of drawing dividends 结构中,draw是收取的意思,dividend指红利,that of sth结构是名词性的,that of sth相当于which is结构,目的都是修饰前面的名词。注意后面还有attending…是省略了which were的定语从句,把of sth结构和定语从句交替使用是英语中长难句的惯用手法,目的是避免行文的单调,考生朋友们要注意分辨。

 [句子翻译]

 像Bournemouth和Eastboune这样的城市兴起了,大批隐退的享乐阶层人士靠自己的收入,在这里过着悠闲的生活。他们与群体之外的人没有联系,只是分取红利,偶尔参加股东会议,对管理人员发号施令。

 [翻译技巧]

 同样是为了避开定语从句,将主句和分句拆为两句。要注意几个短语的理解。

 retire on依靠……退休/have…relation…to与……有关系/up to 达到……的规模

 2.Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc. ,like a poet among the letters of the alphabet , considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea. "

 [句子主干]Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down…, like a …, considering them as…, in which a…”

 [语法难点]有省略。

 1)like…分句是省略了who 的主语从句中的分句,considering…分句是现在分词引导的状语从句。这个状语从句可以拿到句首,也可以在句尾。一般来说较长的状语从句置于句尾,较短的置于句首,为的是使句子看上去显得简洁一些。

 2)like分句中出现了比较多的省略,补全以后是who like a poet who is among the letters…。英语中的从句之所以是难点就是因为大量地省略引导词。

 [句子翻译]

 罗博特富尔顿曾经写道,机械工将坐在杠杆、螺丝、楔、轮子等周围,像诗人对待字母表中的每个字母一样,把它们作为自己的思路展示,每一个新组合都传送一个新概念。

 [翻译技巧]

 如果严格地翻译,like分句应该译为“像对待字母表中字母的诗人一样”,原因是这个从句修饰的是机械工,应该用诗人来对应,但这样一来,就不符合汉语的表达习惯了。

英语长难句分析

用下面是从往届全国高考试题中摘录的一个例句,用以逐步说明如何分析长难句:

First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab poly technique.

第一步:围绕动词用扒皮法(或者叫做拆分法)找出本句的主体结构。

1. 围绕动词(包括非谓语动词)进行层层扒皮:

* 第一个动词 put forward 前没有自身的主语,说明由它构成的短语是非谓语动词过去分词,属于句子的附加成分;

* 第二个动词 had baffled and beaten (已经阻挡和挫败了) 前面存在名词 the theorem (该定理),可知它们共同构成独立的句子;

* 第三个动词 including 也没有自身的主语,根据已掌握的知识可以判断出该动词是转化为介词的现在分词,也属于附加成分;

* 后面跟在 a French woman scientist(法国女科学家)后的两个用 and 连接的主要动词 made (a major advance) 和 had to dress 前都有关系代词 who,可知它们是定语从句,也属于附加成分;

* 另外的两个 in working out 和 in order to be able to study 可以从结构上看出分别是“介词 + 动名词”和“in order + 不定式”。

第二步:解决主要矛盾,即围绕主体结构(即主句)分析其前后附加成分的语法功能。

* 本长句的主句(主体结构)是 the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds(主谓宾结构)意思是“该定理阻挡并挫败了最杰出的数学头脑”,用符合汉语习惯的说法就是“该定理使得最杰出的数学头脑感到迷惑不解,并让他们举足无措”。

* 主句前的过去分词短语 First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century,经分析可知它的逻辑主语就是主句的主语 the theorem,即“十七世纪被法国数学家 Pierre de Formta 提出来的”,很明显这个状语说明“定理”提出的来以后,是主句的时间状语。

* 主句后的现在分词短语 including a French woman scientist ...(包括一个法国女科学家)是主句的陪衬性状语,起补充说明作用作杰出的科学家。

第三步:解决次要矛盾;

一个句子不仅仅主句带有附加成分,有时候附加成分中另外还套有附加成分,比如本例举就是如此,including...短语中还叠套了两个层次的附加成分:

1. 第一层: 先行词 French woman scientist 后带有 由关系代词 who 引导的两个并列定语从句;

* who made a major advance in working out the problem,

* and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab poly technique.

2. 第二层:每个从句中分别还孕含了一个非谓语动词构成的短语:

* 介词 + 动名词:in working out the problem,用作 advance 的方面状语,即“在解决这个难题方面”。

* 目的状语:in order to be able to study at the Ecolab poly technique. 即“为了能够在伊科尔理工学院研究”。

归纳上述的分析方法,提供三句口诀供你参考:

围绕动词,拆分扒皮;

找出主干,理清关系;

从主到次,逐层分析。

参考译文如下:

十七世纪法国数学家感到不得要领而束手无策,其中包括一位法国女科学家,她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展,为了能够在伊科尔理工学院研究她还不得不女扮男装。

求大神分析英语长难句

用下面是从往届全国高考试题中摘录的一个例句,用以逐步说明如何分析长难句:

First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab poly technique.

第一步:围绕动词用扒皮法(或者叫做拆分法)找出本句的主体结构。

1. 围绕动词(包括非谓语动词)进行层层扒皮:

* 第一个动词 put forward 前没有自身的主语,说明由它构成的短语是非谓语动词过去分词,属于句子的附加成分;

* 第二个动词 had baffled and beaten (已经阻挡和挫败了) 前面存在名词 the theorem (该定理),可知它们共同构成独立的句子;

* 第三个动词 including 也没有自身的主语,根据已掌握的知识可以判断出该动词是转化为介词的现在分词,也属于附加成分;

* 后面跟在 a French woman scientist(法国女科学家)后的两个用 and 连接的主要动词 made (a major advance) 和 had to dress 前都有关系代词 who,可知它们是定语从句,也属于附加成分;

* 另外的两个 in working out 和 in order to be able to study 可以从结构上看出分别是“介词 + 动名词”和“in order + 不定式”。

第二步:解决主要矛盾,即围绕主体结构(即主句)分析其前后附加成分的语法功能。

* 本长句的主句(主体结构)是 the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds(主谓宾结构)意思是“该定理阻挡并挫败了最杰出的数学头脑”,用符合汉语习惯的说法就是“该定理使得最杰出的数学头脑感到迷惑不解,并让他们举足无措”。

* 主句前的过去分词短语 First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century,经分析可知它的逻辑主语就是主句的主语 the theorem,即“十七世纪被法国数学家 Pierre de Formta 提出来的”,很明显这个状语说明“定理”提出的来以后,是主句的时间状语。

* 主句后的现在分词短语 including a French woman scientist ...(包括一个法国女科学家)是主句的陪衬性状语,起补充说明作用作杰出的科学家。

第三步:解决次要矛盾;

一个句子不仅仅主句带有附加成分,有时候附加成分中另外还套有附加成分,比如本例举就是如此,including...短语中还叠套了两个层次的附加成分:

1. 第一层: 先行词 French woman scientist 后带有 由关系代词 who 引导的两个并列定语从句;

* who made a major advance in working out the problem,

* and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab poly technique.

2. 第二层:每个从句中分别还孕含了一个非谓语动词构成的短语:

* 介词 + 动名词:in working out the problem,用作 advance 的方面状语,即“在解决这个难题方面”。

* 目的状语:in order to be able to study at the Ecolab poly technique. 即“为了能够在伊科尔理工学院研究”。

归纳上述的分析方法,提供三句口诀供你参考:

围绕动词,拆分扒皮;

找出主干,理清关系;

从主到次,逐层分析。

参考译文如下:

十七世纪法国数学家感到不得要领而束手无策,其中包括一位法国女科学家,她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展,为了能够在伊科尔理工学院研究她还不得不女扮男装。

以上回答你满意么?

英语四六级长难句结构分析经典一百句

如属实,以下任何项(或条款,根据实际情景翻译)都是有效理由用来做为基准衡量公司与其他非竞争公司而不是与竞争对手的表现。

it 是 it引导的强调句型 it is not in competition,强调’companies with which‘的关系’不是竞争关系‘

which 是关系代词,指代公司 (a company)

benchmark 名词时: 基准,例如行业标准、国家标准等,在这里是做动词性用法,用基准衡量.....

performance of company 公司表现,公司运行情况

望能帮到你

英语阅读理解长难句的处理技巧

1. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.

[参考译文] 美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的,在这种经济中,消费者很大程度上通过在

市场 上为 那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。

2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with

the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their

incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce

it.

[参考译文] 因此,在美国的经济体系中,个体消费者的需求与商人试图化其利润的欲望和个人想化

其收 入效 用的欲望相结合,一起决定了什么 应该被制造,以及资源如何被用来制造它们。

3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit

more consumers to buy the product.

[参考译文] 另一方面,如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降,那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商

能提供的供给,而这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多 的消 费者购买产品。

4. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a

product or to make a free contract with another private individual.

[参考译文] 在美国经济中,私有财产的概念不仅包含对生产资源的所有权, 也指其他一些特定的权利,

如确定一个产品价格和与另一个私人个体(经济单 位) 自由签定合同的权利。

5. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.

[参考译文] 同时这些计算机记录下哪些时间是最忙的,哪些员工工作效率最 高,这样就能相应地做出人

员人事安排。而且它们(计算机)也能为促销活动找 到那些拥有优先权的顾客。

6. Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers

through the

use of computers.

[参考译文] 不计其数的其他商业企业,从剧院到杂志出版商,从公用燃气电 力设施到牛奶处理厂,都

通过计算机的使用给消费者带来更好、更有效率的 服务。

7. Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.

[参考译文] 残疾儿童在许多关键方面都与其同龄人不同。为了让这些孩子发展其全部的成人后的潜能,

他们的教育必须适应这些不同。

8. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.

[参考译文] 在过去的30年中,公共教育中显示的对残疾儿童的巨大关注表明了我们社会中的一种中强烈的

情绪,那就是所有的公民,不管其情况有多 特殊,都应享有充分发展其能力的机会。

9. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.

[参考译文] 它(广告)能够直接帮助货物以比较合理的价格被迅速分销出去,因此可以(使公司)建立一个坚固的国

内市场,同时也使以具有竞争力的价格 提供出口变得可能。

10. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.

[参考译文] 除去议会有27件法案来规范广告的条件,没有任何一个正式的广 告商敢于推销一种商

品却不能兑现其在广告中的。

11. If its message were confined merely to information and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly

persuasive-advertising wound be so boring that no one wound pay any attention.

[参考译文] 如果其信息只被局限于告知一一就广告而言,如果这不是完全不 可能达到的,也是非

常难做的,因为即便是一个诸如衬衫的颜色的选择这样 的细节都会具有微妙的说 服意味,

那么广告就会如此地乏味以至于没有人 会关注它。

12. The workers who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for there efforts.

[参考译文] 得到了升迁的工人们,成绩进步的学生,学会了一门新语言的外 国人一 一这些都是那

些有可衡量的结果宋显示其努力的人们的例证。

13. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that

information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.

[参考译文] 随着家庭离开他们原来稳定的社区,离开他们多年的朋友和扩展 的家庭关系,非正式的

信息 流动被切断了,随之而去的是对在需要时能获得 可靠和值得信赖的信息的信心。

14. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated,

time--consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming.

[参考译文] 现在每个人能够得到的信息比任何时代的人都多,而找到与 他/她的特定问题相关

的那一点信息的任务不仅复杂、耗时,有时甚至令 人难以招 。

15. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference

site.

[参考译文] 通过远程会议,专家知识可以在全世界范围内被分享,而争论 的问题能够得到解决,

同时相关人员也不必离开他们的家庭或工作跑到一个 遥远的开会地点。

16. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B type fellows.

[参考译文] 现在这种让孩子们和其同学或时间竞争的热情导致了一个双层结 构,在这个结构里面善于

竞争的A类好像在某个方面要比他们B类的同辈更胜 一筹。

17. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.

[参考译文] 在跟你谈话的时候,可能成为你的雇主的人就一直在衡量你的教 育、经 验和其他资

格是不是值得他雇用你,而你的"商品"和能力一定要以一种有条不紊而且合情合理的相互关联

的方式被展示出来。

18. The Corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programs are now the subject of a nation wide debate in

Britain.

[参考译文] 英国广播公司将作为一个公共基金支持的广播组织存在下来, 至少目前 会这样,但是

它的角色、它的规模和它的节目现在在英国成了全国 上下 的讨论话题。

19. The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC--including ordinary listeners and viewer to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.

[参考译文] 这场辩论是由政府发动的,政府请任何一个对英国广播公司有意见的人 一包括普通的听

众和观众一来说说这个公司好在哪里或坏在哪里,甚至说说他们是否认为这个公司值得被保留下来。

20. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large profess signal element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.

[参考译文] 这种变化通过引入许多的专业因素从而适应了这个新时代的技术 要求, 并且它(这种变

化)防止了效率的降低。这种效率的降低在精力充沛的 创业者之后的 第二代和第三代人 ( 领导公

司)的时候,经常会毁掉那些 家族公 司的财富。

21. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.

[参考译文] 这样巨大而非个人的对资金和产业的操纵极大地增加了股东的数 量和他们作为一个阶级

的重要 性,这是国家生活中代表不负责任的财富的一 个 因素,这种财富不但远离了土 地和土

地拥有者的责任,而且几乎同样与 公司的负责任的管理毫无关系。

22. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.

[参考译文] 像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本这样的城镇的涌现是为了给那些数量很多 的"舒 适"阶级提供居住

场所。这些人依赖于其丰厚收入而不工作,他们除了 分红和偶尔参加一 下股东大会,向管理层

口授一下自己的命令之外,跟 社会的其他阶层毫无瓜葛。

23. The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good.

[参考译文] 这样的"股东"对他拥有股份的公司所雇用的工人们的生活、思想 和需 求一无所知,而

且他们 对劳资双方的关系都不会产生积极的影响。

24. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.

[参考译文] 代表公司的花钱雇来的经理与工人及其需求的关系更加直接, 但是就连 他对工人们也

没有那种熟识的私人之间的了解。而在现在正在消 失的古 老家族公司的那种更加家 长式的制度下

的雇主们却常常对他们的工 人有 这样的私人关系。

25. Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country's excellent elementary schools: a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking about things technological.

[参考译文] 在许多形成因素当中,我将挑选出这些:这个国家优秀的小学教 育:欢 迎新技术

的劳动者们:奖励发明者的做法;而且最重要的是美国人在 对 那些技术性事物的非 言语的、"空

间性的"思考方面的天赋。

26. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, "A technologist thinks about objects that can not be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions: they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal

process...The designer and the inventor.., are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist".

[参考译文] 正如尤金?弗格森所指出的那样:"一个技术专家思考那些不能被 简化成 能被清楚的语言

描述的东西。这些东西在他的思维中是通过一种视觉 的、 非语言表述的过程宋处理

的……设计者和发明者……能够在他们的脑中 装配并操作那些还不存在的装置。"

27. Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheel, etc, like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea".

[参考译文] 罗伯特?法欧特曾经这样写到:"一个技师会坐在杠杆、螺丝钉、 楔子、 轮子等等当中,就

像 一个诗人沉浸在字母表的字母中,把这些字母看 成 自己思想的展示,在这样的

展示中,每种新的次 序安排都传达了--种新 的思想。"

28. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programs and, tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists,

the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.

[参考译文] 在最后三章中,他脱下手套,将神造论者好好地揍了一顿。 他描述了他 们的活动和战

术,而且,对于那些对神造论者的做事方式刁;

熟悉的人来 说,神造论者的欺骗和扭曲事实的程度可能会令这些人有一种不

快的诧 异。

29. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: "This book stands for reason itself." And so it does-and all wound be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.

[参考译文] 在这本杰出的书的外纸封面上,史蒂芬?杰伊?古尔德写道: "这本书本 身就代表

理性。"而它 确实是这样的--而且如果理性成为神造 论/地化 论之间的辩论中的惟一

评判标准的话,一切就都好办了。

30. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the

lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.

[参考译文] 经过了六个月的争论以及最后16个小时激烈的议会辩论,澳大利 亚北 部地区成了世界

上第一个允许医生终止希望死去的绝症病人生命的立 法 *。

31. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the

tide is unlikely to turn back.

[参考译文] 一些机构终于松了一口气,但是其他一些机构,包括教堂,倡导 生命之 权的团体和澳大利

亚医 学协会,尖锐地抨击这个法案,指责法案的通 过 过于匆忙。但是大势已定,不可逆转。

32. In Australia- where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their partother states are going to consider making a similar law to deal

with euthanasia.

[参考译文] 在澳大利亚--人口老龄化,延长寿命的技术和变化看的社会态度, 这 些因素都在发挥作用

一一其他的州也会考虑制定相似的关于安乐死的法律。

33. There are, of course, exceptions. Small--minded officials, rude waiters, and ill mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves

comment.

[参考译文] 当然,例外是存在的。在美国,心胸狭窄的官员,粗鲁的传者, 和没有 礼貌的出租车司机

也 并不少见。然而人们常常得出这样的观察意见, 这 使得它值得被讨论一下。

英语阅读理解长难句的处理技巧

 一个英语句子之所以难以理解,有许多原因,其中一个主要原因是句子太长或者句子结构复杂。句子过长或者复杂无非是该句除了主干之外还包含了一些附加部分,如插入语、同位语、分隔现象、各种从句或较长的非谓语动词短语等等。这些附属成分常有逗号或分隔符号与句子隔开,且插在一个句子中间,使本来完整的句子被断开,因而增加句意理解的难度。分析长难句的基本方法是:首先,判断该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句;然后,找出句子的核心成分,分清主语和谓语,再分清句子附属成分。下面我们来谈谈几种长难句的处理技巧。

 一、处理长难句的原则方法

 如果待处理的长难句为一个复杂的单句,可这样处理:跳读修饰成分,迅速找出主谓结构。这样一来,我们便可以将长句化为短句,将难句化为易句。具体步骤是:先跳读修饰成分或附加成分,找出句子的主干并理解其意义;然后再分段理解修饰成分或附加成分。

 如果待处理的长难句为一个复杂的并列句,可这样处理:先找出其中的并列连词,然后再根据并列连词的意思理清句子前后是顺连关系还是反连关系,是因果关系还是转折关系等,最后再根据不同的语境关系正确理解句意。

 如果待处理的长难句为一个复杂的主从复合句,可这样处理:先分清主句与从句,然后弄清从句的性质,即弄清它是什么从句。

 如果待处理的长难句为一个复杂的主从复合句,可这样处理:先分清主句与从句,然后弄清名词性从句,还是状语从句,或是定语从句。注意,弄清从句性质对于理解复合句的意思至关重要。

 另外,有一点要提醒同学们,在处理长难句时,如果既能正确理解句意,又能将其准确地译成中文,那是最好了。但是,对于有些长难句,要在较短时间内(如在参加考试时)将其译成中文比较困难,此时只要能正确理解其意思就行了,如果硬要勉为其难地译成中文,不仅会浪费时间,而且在许多情况也没有必要。

 二、经典高考真题实例分析

 下面这篇文章共有194个单词,却只有9个句子,平均每个句子大约有22个单词,是近几年高考英语阅读理解中一篇比较典型的集中含有长难句的文章。

 A 38-square-mile island, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to the Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510 miles southwest of its nearest neighbor St. Helena, and 1,950 miles west of Africa. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral(葡萄牙海军上将) of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred.Coming in a close second?and often wrongly mentioned as the most distant island?is Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbour, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 miles west of South America.The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around the 5th century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures, called moai, for which the island is most famous.On Easter Sunday, 1722, however, settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name. Today, 2,000 people live on the Chilean territory(智利领土). They share one street, a small airport and a few hours of television per day.

 解题分析

 1. 跳读插入语:请看文章第一段的'第一句。第一步跳过插入语找出句子主干:Tristan da Cunha is the farthest inhabited island in the world (Tristan da Cunha 是世界上无人居住的最偏僻的岛屿);第二步理解附加的插入语部分:a 38-square-mile island(该岛面积为38平方英里,而且这是吉尼斯记录之一),这样该句话的意思就弄明白了。

 2. 跳读非谓语动词短语:我们来看第一段第三句。首先跳过前面的非谓语动词短语,找出主干:the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred (该岛是英国领土,人口大约几千)。然后再来理解前面的非谓语动词短语:Discovered by the Portuguese admiral of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810(这个岛屿是在1506年被一个名叫Tristan da Cunha的葡萄牙海军上将发现的,Tristan da Cunha1810年开始有人居住)。通过这样分解难度,我们读得轻松,理解得准确。

 3. 跳读分隔现象:请看文章第二段,这一段有35个单词,却只有一句话。因为该段既包括了分隔现象,又包含了定语从句,又有一个同位语,而且该句还是一个倒装句。如果从前到后按照顺序来理解,未免有点繁杂,抓不住重点。所以首先要跳过两个分隔符号之间的内容,同时也要暂时搁置后面的非限制性定语从句,找出主干并把主干重新倒置过来变成正常语序:Easter Island is coming in a close second(Easter Island is coming in a close secondEaster Island是紧跟第二的最偏僻的岛屿);然后再理解分隔符号之间的内容和后面的定语从句等附加成分:Easter Island 常常被误认为是最偏僻的岛屿,它在最临近的岛屿(Pitcairn Island)东面1,260英里,在南美西面2,300英里。

 4. 跳读定语从句:定语从句在阅读理解中是很常见的,有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句用来限定所修饰的词,与之关系非常密切,阅读时要特别注意两者的密切联系,跳过限制性定语从句找到主句后要马上回头理解它的含义,确定它与先行词的修饰关系。如文章第三段的第一个句子里就有一个限制性定语从句:who were lost at sea. 阅读时一定要注意它与people的密切联系:不是别人而是在大海里迷路的人五世纪左右在那里定居。而非限制性定语从句与所修饰的词关系不是很密切,主要起补充说明作用,它可能出现在主句中间,也可能出现在句尾。如果它出现在句中,阅读时可以跳过去然后再来理解,也可以一起顺便读过去。如果非限制性定语从句出现在句尾,那阅读时很方便,看完主句后附带着看一下就可以了,因为它只是对先行词的补充说明。如这一段的最后一句:for which the island is most famous. 看完主句我们得知该岛与外界隔绝了一千多年,使得岛上的人们有充足的时间来修建一千多具巨大的石雕。然后再附带得知该岛以这些石雕而闻名。

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