2008陕西高考英语_2008年陕西高考英语

1.高考英语作文如何提分

2.陕西成人高考高起专英语考试科目模拟试题(二)？

3.历年陕西省成人高考英语试题资料？

4.2008各省高考模式（教育部统一命题省份

5.求高考英语疑难句翻译资料

6.陕西高考英语考些什么时态

陕西2023高考是全国乙卷，相关内容如下：

目前陕西省高考还是延续传统的语数外+文/理分科模式，试卷由教育部命题，总分750分，其中语数外各150分，文科综合和理科综合都是300分。

陕西省从2025年高考开始，陕西将迎来首届新高考考试，采取3+1+2新高考模式，不分文理科。

新高考模式下，语文、数学、外语为统考，在历史和物理科目中首选1门科目，然后在思想政治、地理、化学、生物学科目中再选2门科目参加选择性考试，总分为750分。

2023年陕西高考外语考试分为英语、俄语、日语、德语、法语、西班牙语6个语种，考生可任选其中一个语种参加考试。艺术文类和艺术理类考生还须参加艺术类专业考试；体育类考生还须参加体育类专业统一考试。

2023陕西高考总体上难度呈现逐渐下降趋势。2023陕西高考还未开始，根据往年经验预测，2023陕西高考难度全国排名第20，陕西高考难度为普通模式。

陕西是一个高考比较友好的地方，考生人数不算多，本省优秀的高校也比较多，比如西安交大，西工大等，西安电子科技大，陕西师范大学等，各项录取率都还不错，教育氛围浓厚，高校多，录取率还比较友好。

从报考人数上看。预计陕西省高考考生总数为323058人，比上年增加10139人，整体难度将进一步增加。

从高考试卷上来看，近十年高考试题整体难度呈下降趋势。但是随着难度系数上升，高考录取分数线势必下降；与此相反，高考录取分数线必然会上升，因此陕西2023高考的难度应在2022以内保持稳定，难度系数与去年基本持平。

高考英语作文如何提分

高考英语作文旨在考查学生英语的综合运用能力，是对学生英语输出能力的一项考察，在历次的高考尤其是陕西考区的考试中平均分数都偏低，加上其20%的比重，所以如何提高英语写作的水平显得尤为重要。

　在我的授课中，第一次课就会强调高考高分作文的标准，这是学生应该具备的起码概念，有的放矢才能有效提高成绩。要在80-120个英语单词的作文中写出精彩其实只要多加训练，增强得分词汇和句型的积累，拿到25分绝对不是一件难事。下面告诉大家怎样五步提高高考英语作文，这是根据高考大纲所总结提炼的。

　第一步，写作的内容，要求做到两点— 内容完整、相关。这两点只要考生不粗心，基本都能做到。比如2006年陕西考区的题目，要求写暑假的安排，是一篇正反观点类的议论文。必须注意题目的要求，第一要提出讨论话题，Recently there has been a heated discussion about what the students should do during the summer vacation.(这是一个经典的模版开篇句型)。 第二要写出一方面的观点，然后是另一方面的观点，最后提出自己的看法，根据要求缺一不可，否则就会被扣掉相应的分数，这就是完整。再比如，2005年广东考区的成语寓言故事，不仅要描写整个守株待兔的过程，还应该根据要求点名寓意，否则也是不完整，这点只要在课堂上强调，学生是很容易做到的。所谓相关，也就是不要过多出现文中没有的信息，不能过分发挥，一般学生犯此类错误的较少。

　第二步，写作中的语法。在高考阅卷中，一般三个小的语法错误会被扣掉一分，一个大的语法错误（关于谓语的错误）会被扣掉一分。所以，学生应该尽量避免犯语法错误。我在课堂中会强调，对于语法基础薄弱的同学，除了加强自己的语法功底外，就是去背诵我给出的50个频用到的句法结构。这些结构不仅正确，而且一定是高考中的有效得分点，即使语法偏弱，记住这些句子然后在考试中使用也能避免学生自己造句中的语法错误，一举两得。比如，倒装句在考试中就很少有同学主动启用，但是一旦正确启用就会收到意想不到的效果，所以我会给出四组倒装句，然后让学生加强运用和练习。这些句子包括：

　1、Only when we realize the importance of environmental protection, can we solve the problem of pollution.

　2、So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it.

　3、Diligent as he was, he failed in passing the exam.

　4、By no means should teenagers get into the habit of smocking.

　第三步，连接词的运用，使文章连贯、流畅。我把这些词分为8类，叫做“畅词”，往往学生由于中西方语言的差异，会忽视这一点，所以在授课中会通过大量的练习巩固和加强学生的印象。而且不仅要写，还写出高水平的畅词，因为高考是选拔性考试，要做到“人无我有,人有我优”。比如，“首先”这个表示次序的畅词，一般同学一定想到的是firstly 或者first of all。可是我建议学生启用to begin with, 或者initially (这个是建议水平较好的启用)。“然而”，绝大部分启用but, however，我建议学生采用 on the contrary 或者 oppositely。

第四步，也是整个课程的核心部分，要强化“复杂、高级”两个概念。为什么是核心呢？因为学生在这一部分没有正确的认识，在平时的学习中老师也没有有意识灌输和训练总结。大部分学生以为只要写出来、写正确就可以拿到高分，其实80-120个单词包括大概10个句子，如果全部是简单的词汇和句型没有办法达到档作文的要求。因此，我们强调高级的词汇和高级复杂的句型，不是说全部必须高级，而是必须出现一些才能符合高考作文大纲的要求。在这一步中，我总结的“高分词汇选择原则”、“简单句到复杂句的瞬间转换”、“高分句子写作策略”以及“钻石得分50句”，通过这些理论和实践结合的讲解，学生会感觉成绩的快速提升，效果明显。

　举其中“高分词汇选择原则”为例：

　1、词组优先原则。如:

　［原文］A new railway is being built in my hometown.

　［修正］A new railway is under construction in my hometown.

　2、地道原则。如:

　［原文］Through traveling, I learned a lot of knowledge.

　［修正］Through traveling, I gained\obtained a lot of knowledge.

　3、避免重复原则。如:

　［原文］I like reading while my brother likes watching television.

　［修正］I like reading while my brother enjoys watching television.

　4、后高长原则—后学到、较高级、较长词汇。

　原　词

　替换词

　hard

　diligently

　very

　rather\ extremely

　pay attention to

　attach importance to

　happy

　delighted\ enjoyable

　more and more

　the increasing number of \ increasingly

　第五步，书写和卷面。这点其实很重要，高考阅卷是扫面试卷然后在电脑阅卷，所以书写和卷面显得尤为重要。这点也是学生自己多加注意就可以做好，标准很简单：clean and clear。

　高考英语写作，只要有意识地科学训练是可以快速有效提高的，比其他部分的提高会花到更短的时间。希望所有考生能够按照这五步的方法来书写自己的高考作文，同时坚持下去用同样的坚毅去书写自己美好的人生。

陕西成人高考高起专英语考试科目模拟试题(二)？

在多年教学过程中，英语辅导老师总结出内容、语言、结构是快速提升高中英语作文成绩的三大发力点，只要在这三个方面上有所提升，英语作文分数就能明显提高。

在多年教学过程中，英语辅导老师总结出内容、语言、结构是快速提升高中英语作文成绩的三大发力点。内容是我们表达的思想、讲的故事、抒发的感受；语言是我们在表达内容时涉及到的遣词、造句；结构，就是文中内容和语言的组织形式，即如何分段、每段写什么。语言是内容的载体，内容是语言所表达的内涵，而合理的结构体现着你清晰的写作思路。实践表明，只要在这三个方面上有所提升，英语作文分数就能明显提高。

一、关于作文的内容

英语作文属于“限制性写作”。所谓的“限制”，就是通过内容要点、提纲、图画、图表等形式，对作文的内容进行限制.。也就是说，大家写的内容都是大同小异的。

比如2011年新课标全国卷，大家都是李华，都在国外上学，都在写求助信——这个大前提是固定的。区别只在于，到底在那几个方面求助而已。

这里，我们要谈到，英语作文和语文作文的考察方向是不一样的。语文作文会考察同学们的思想深刻性、知识丰富性、心态积极性等纯“内容”层面的东西；而英语作文主要考察的是你“对英语这门语言的运用能力”——这是英语应试作文命题的本质特征。

也就是说，同样在写“感谢老师”这个话题（2008陕西卷），某同学写的感谢理由是“老师为祖国做出贡献”，而他的同桌写的是“老师教得好”，此时，阅卷老师并不会因为前者所表达的思想更加高尚而为其额外加分。阅卷老师给分的主要依据是：看谁能够把自己的想法表达得更加清楚！

请试着用英语造句：

1、老师，我感谢你，因为你为祖国做出了巨大的贡献。

2、老师，我感谢你，因为你教得好。

请问，这两个句子中，那个更好造？

显然，第二个句子是容易得多的。因为很少有同学能够准确地翻译出“你为祖国做了巨大的贡献”这个句子！（You

have been making great devotion to our motherland.）

为什么高分同学写作文如行云流水般一气呵成，而你磨磨蹭蹭半天写不出东西，整天抱怨自己“单词量不够”？这是因为——你想得太难了，你的表达能力驾驭不了你想写的内容！

老师认为：

1、高考英语作文不应存在“单词不会写”问题，初二水平的孩子照样能写。

2、之所以“单词不会写”，是因为在构思内容的时候，选取了自己表达能力驾驭不了的内容。

那么，到底要写什么样的内容？

关于作文的内容，老师提出两个观点：

1、对于题目要求的内容：要写得全面。

2、对于需要自己发挥的内容：要想得简单。

如2008年山东卷，让你给班上一位新同学提建议，帮助他尽快融入班集体。试题给出三个内容要点：

1、分析他无法融入班集体的原因；

2、给出建议；

3、谈谈你帮助他融入班集体的具体措施。

注意，这三点都是题目要求你写的内容，你都要写进文章里去，只要有一点没写，不管其它写的多么精彩，都将被认为是“没有完成试题规定的写作任务”，将大大被减分！这个就叫做对题目要求的内容：要写得全面。

同时我们看到，这三点内容都需要自己进行一定的发挥：到底写什么原因呢？有哪些建议？有什么具体措施？

在思考这三个问题时，就要用到第二个观点：对于需要自己发挥的内容：要想得简单。

以第一段为例，我们可以想到的内容有：

1、害羞；

2、太爱学习；

3、不爱跟同学聊天；

4、没有找到共同兴趣爱好...

5、不懂方言（dialect）；

6、不参加学校活动（school activities）；

这几个内容都非常的简单好写，很容易上手，直接解决了“单词不会”这个写作文的老大难问题。这样看来，只要注意到了“对题目要求的内容写的全面”和“对需要自己发挥的内容想得简单”两个事项，内容方面则再无大碍了。

二、关于作文的语言

在全省同学的作文内容差不多的情况下，老师阅卷主要靠什么依据来判分呢？其中一个依据，就是语言，也就是，你用什么样的语言来表达你的意思。

比如跟朋友分别时，同意表达“再见”这个意思，一般人只会说“再见”二字，而语言水平高的诗人们则会说：

“孤帆远影碧空尽，唯见长江天际流。”

“莫愁前路无知己，天下谁人不识君。”

“桃花潭水深千尺，不及汪伦赠我情。”

看到了吗？同样的内容（再见），只要用不同水平的语言表达出来，给人的感觉就大不一样！

大多数考生写作文，都是以“写够字数”作为自己的努力方向，因此习惯性地用初一、初二的单词和语法知识来堆砌自己的命运；而真正的“高手”应该努力尝试使用较高级的语言知识来打造自己的高分作文。这方面的技巧包括：简单词替换、主语替换、句式替换等非常容易操作的技巧。

1、简单词替换：将good等简单词替换为excellent

等高级词汇。注意，在学习使用高级词汇时，应该首先尝试把一些常用词汇进行替换，如good，happy，tired，think

about，important等。本文先列举这几个词的高级替换词如下，更详细的“简单词替换”技巧将另外撰文讲解。

good——excellent；

例句：It's an excellent idea for you to make a foreign

pen-pal.

你想交个外国笔友，这是个很棒的注意。

happy——joyful；

例句：We felt joyful and excited to see so many trees

and flowers in the countryside.

在乡下看到这么多花和树，让我们感到很开心和激动。

tired——exhausted;

例句：Exhausted as we were, we felt our time and effort

worthwhile.

虽然很累，我们仍感觉自己的时间和精力花的很值。

think about —— take into consideration / take into

account（考虑到）；

例句：We should take into consideration other people's

opinion.

我们应该考虑其他人的意见。

important —— vital （至关重要的）；

例句：It is vital for us to be brave enough to face

challenges in our life.

勇于面对人生挑战，对我们来说是至关重要的。

上面这些句子本身都在高考作文里很常用，大家可以马上结合例句，掌握这几个常见词汇的“换词”，并思考和感受“换词”技巧的神奇作用。

2、主语替换：

a. 将习惯使用的“用人作主语”换成“用物作主语”（亦称“无灵主语”），如把“I like

English.”变成“English is my favourite subject.”或者“English attracts me a lot.”

b. 用动名词作主语：把“You should communicate more with your

classmates.”改写为“Communicating more with your classmates would be beneficial for

you.”

3、句式替换：

a.

使用“不完全倒装句”：遇到否定词、形容词这两种常见的“升级标志词”时，可以将句子变成倒装句来表达。如：“I don't believe it.”变成“By no

means do I believe it.”或者把“This is a beautiful flower.”变成“So beautiful is the

flower that we all like it.”

b. 使用“强调句”：用“It is + 被强调部分 + that

+句子剩余部分”句型，来强调一个句子中的某个成分。事实上，只要是个现成的英语句子，都能拿出某个成分出来强调一下。如：把“I like English

most.”改写为“It is English that I like most.”可以看出，强调句型是用起来最方便的高考高级句型。

需要注意，再厉害的句型，一旦重复次数过多，也会显得低俗。因而大家进考场前可以多掌握几种高级句型，就像战士上战场前多带几发子弹一样，在最关键的地方一发一发地用到作文里去。

三、关于作文的结构

刚才，我们其实分析了高考英语作文的前两个重要的方面，那么，只要注意了内容和语言就够了吗？不是的！除了考虑内容（表达什么）和语言（怎样表达），我们还要注意用什么样的顺序把整篇文章里的一个个段落、每个段落里的一个个句子组织起来，也就是第三点需要注意的东西：作文的结构。

作文结构研究的是下面两个问题：1、文章分几段；2、每段写什么。

高考属于“标准化考试”，在历年真题中，我们发现高考英语作文主要就这么几种：

1、提纲作文；

2、书信等应用文；

3、图画作文1：情景小故事；

4、图画作文2：看图议论文；

5、图表作文；

每年，每份试题，都是拿这五种命题形式中的一种或几种结合起来出题。学员经常问的“某种作文该怎么写？”这样的问题，往往指的就是某种作文应该满足什么样的结构。

在研究每年的高分试卷过程中，我们发现，阅卷老师偏爱的文章往往都是用某些特定的结构组织起来的。如书信作文一般分成三类段落：

1、开头段：

2、中间段；

3、结尾段。

其中，开头段要写出问候、自我介绍、写信缘由、写信目的四种内容；中间段要按照题目的要求进行“具体问题，具体分析”，一般要写原因、建议等内容；结尾段往往是感谢、祝愿、期待回信等客套话。了解了这样的结构，将大大提高作文构思的速度。

书信是很多省份年年必考的题型，关于书信及其他作文类型的具体写法，老师将另外撰文详解。

总结与顿悟

综上所述，高考作文的发力点在于以下三个：内容、语言、结构。

在长期研究过程中，我们发现，高分作文往往满足以下三个特点：

1、内容切题；

2、语言精彩；

3、结构清晰；

针对这三个发力点，老师建议大家有的放矢地进行以下三方面的工作：

第一，内容方面：了解高考作文常考的话题，结合高中教材，整理背诵一些常考的话题以及这些话题中常见的单词和句子，考试时便可信手拈来，这将大大提高备考的针对性和答题的速度。这样的话题包括：环境保护、身体健康、优良品质、成功智慧、家庭关系、同学关系（合作）、与老师的关系、外出活动、校园生活、社会问题、科技、文化与跨文化交流等等。各地试卷和全国卷对这些话题各有侧重，在高考最后复习阶段，应根据本地高考真题和当年的模拟题有针对性地加以准备。

第二，语言方面：掌握最容易操作的单词、句子、段落三个层次上的写作技巧，每学到一个新知识点，想想能否在作文中将它使用出来。

第三，结构方面：我们坚决反对“模板式”地生搬硬套，但提倡用合乎英语语言习惯和阅卷教师喜好的“套路”自己打造针对每篇文章的个性化模板。

历年陕西省成人高考英语试题资料？

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四、阅读理解：共15小题;每题3分，共45分。阅读下列短文，然后根据短文的内容从每小题的四个选择项中选出最佳的一项。

A

Some farmers in California are having a hard time picking their crops.There are not enough workers to help them with the harvest.

One farmer used to grow peaches(桃子) ， but will soon grow almonds(杏仁) instead.Peaches require more labor to harvest.They are easy to be damaged and need careful hand picking.He is now removing his peachtree s.Then he will plant almond trees in their places.Almonds are harvested differently.It does not take as many workers to pick them because a machine shakes the almond trees.The nuts fallon the ground and then are gathered up.The farmer does not have to hire many workers.

Some farmers think there are two reasons why they can't find enough farmworkers.One reason is that there area lot of well-paid construction jobs in the area.Many people are taking these jobs instead of picking fruit.The other reason is that it has become more difficult for workers to come from Mexico into California.Fewer workers are allowed to get into the country to work on the fruit farms.To settle the problem， farmers hope the might allow these workers to work as guests.That would help workers provide for their family and help farmers harvest their crops.When the harvest season is over they'll go back home.Farmers say that unless things change， more fruits will come from other countries. This is because labor is cheaper in those countries than in the United States.

36.What problem do some farmers have? ( )

A.They have no workers to remove fruit trees.

B.There is little land for growing fruit.

C.Their crops were badly damaged last year.

D.It's difficult to harvest their crops.

37.Why does the peach farmer start to plant almonds?( )

A.There is a greater demand for almonds.

B.Growing almonds takes much less land.

C.A machine can help get almonds off the trees.

D.Almonds will fallon the ground when ripe.

38.Why can't some farmers find enough workers to pick fruit?( )

A.They grow too many peach trees.

B.People prefer well-paid construction jobs.

C.Few people want to work in California.

D.Theydon't want to hire workers from Mexico.

39.What will happen if the situation does not improve?( )

A.The wil hire workers to help with the harvest.

B.More people will move to California from Mexico.

C.Other countries will provide cheaper labor for US farmers.

D.More fruits will be bought from other countries.

B

Scientists have long tried to be able to know more about floods.So far， the best that scientists can do is to recognize the conditions for flooding.

Although deep snow alone seldom causes floods， when it occurs together with heavy rain and sudden warmer weather， it can lead to serious flooding.If there is a fast snowmelt(融化) on top of frozen or very wet ground， flooding is likely to occur.Me ling snow also causes highwater levels in rivers. Whenever rivers are already at their highest possible levels， heavy rains will result in the rivers'flooding the nearby land.

Rivers covered in ice can also lead to flooding.When ice begins to melt， it breaks into large pieces. These pieces of ice move and float down the river.They can block the river， causing the water to rise and flood the land up the river.If the iced am(坝) breaks suddenly， the large quantity of water held behind it can flood the areas down the river too.

Broken ice dams are not the only problem that can cause flooding.When a large human-made dam breaks or fails to hold the water collected behind it， it will also cause serious damage.

Although scientists can not always know when floods will occur， they do know a great deal about when floods are likely， or probably， going to occur.

40.What have scientists achieved in dealing with floods?( )

A.They have prevented many rivers from flooding.

B.They have reduced the damage caused by floods.

C.They have learned much about conditions for flooding.

D.They have found most of the ice damson the river.

41.When will deep snow lead to floods?.( )

A.The snow suddenly gets frozen.

B.The top of the ground becomes wet.

C.I trains hard with a big rise in temperature.

D.The snowmelt s gradually into a river.

42.What happens when ice dams break?( )

A. They may quickly block the river.

B.The ice covering the river may melt fast.

C.A larger iced am may soon be formed.

D.The areas down the river maybe flooded.

C

It was Sharing Day!The teacher had asked the students to bring something interesting to class.

Jimmy found the little box he and Dad had made.Inside was apiece of rock， as and dollar and ashark(鲨鱼) tooth.Nobody could have anything as interesting as these!

In class， Jimmy waited anxiously， hoping to be called on first by the teacher.But Kara was first.She held up as and dollar.Jimmy's eyes grew big.

“I found this on the beach， ”Kara said.“It's interesting.The little holes that make the sand dollarlook like a flower are breathing holes.See all the needles?They help the sand dollar move and dig into the sand.”

Jimmy was a little uneasy.Oh， well， he still had his rock and sharktooth.

Then Mark stood up.“This is my favorite rock， called pumice(浮石) .”Then Mark dropped the rock into a glass of water.“Look!Pumice is the only rock that floats!”

Jimmy put up his hand and waved， but the teacher called on Justin instead.“I found this sharktooth in Hawaii last Christmas， ”Justin said.

The class was excited， but Jimmy lowered his head.“Sharks have rows of teeth.Everytime a shark loses a tooth， another one takes its place.”Justin passed the tooth around.Jimmy heard the teacher call him.He stood on one foot and then the other.“Well， ah， see...my treasure box is interesting!It was just apiece of wood until Dad and I cut it into pieces and finally made a box out of it.It smells good， reminding us of camping.

“What's inside?”asked Lisa.

Jimmy opened his box.“As and dollar， a piece of pumice and a sharktooth.”

His classmates'mouths dropped open.The teacher looked at the objects in the box and smiled.“Now that's interesting!”he said.

43.On the Sharing Day， Jimmy___( )

A.bought a treasure box to hold his interesting things

B.enjoyed the things others brought to the class

C.waited patiently to be called on by his teacher

D.wished to be the first to share his possessions

44.What does as and dollar look like according toKara?( )

A.A hole. B.A needle.

C.A flower. D.A tooth.

45.Who shared with the class a rock that floats?( )

A.Lisa. B.Kara. C.Justin. D.Mark.

46.How did Jimmy's classmates feel when they saw the things in his box?( )

A.Disappointed. B.Surprised.

C.Anxious. D.Uneasy·

D

Nineteen-year-old Melissa Goza couldn't figure out why she failed to get a bankcard time and time again.It only became clear when she was unsuccessful while looking for a new job in a Target store：Three df ferent people are using her Social Security number(社会保障号) .

Target is one of the companies using credit(信用) reports when hiring new workers.Atleast one credit report didn't favor Goza in geting the job.Avery low credit rate(评价) was under Goza's Social Security number.Target， as required bylaw， told Goza why the company couldn't offer her the job.

Sacramento lawyer Jennifer Shaw， a specialist in workplace law， says creditreports are just one more way employers use to find dishonest jobseekers.“I think we need to know that， right now， there's more information out there.And that means， there's more information that can be used against us，”said Shaw.

Goza's dark cloud may， however， have a silver lining.Target told her she'd be considered again for the job if she could get a letter from the Social Security Department proving that she's the right owner of the Social Security number.

Now that Goza knows she's suffered from other people's wrongdoings， she wil order copies of her creditreports to see what she can do to put things right.

47.What do we know about Goza?( )

A.She got the job from Target.

B.She has had three bad friends.

C.She doesn't have a bankcard yet.

D.She was not honest with Target.

48.What did Target first do when refusing to offer Goza the job? ( )

A.They asked her for creditreports.

B.They told her why she couldn't get the job.

C.They found out her wrongdoings.

D.They reported it to the Social Security Department.

49.What does“a silver lining”in Paragraph 4 probably mean?( )

A hopeful future.

B.A bank report.

C.An official letter.

D.A Social Security number.

50.What does Goza have to do next?( )

A.Clear up her wrong creditreports.

B.Get a new Social Security number.

C.Find a job in another company.

D.Apply for a new bankcard.

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历年陕西省成人高考英语试题资料 一、语音知识(共5小题;每题1.5分，共7.5分。)

在下列每组单词中，有一个单词的划线部分与其他单词的划线部分的读音不同。找出这个词，并把它前面的大写字母填入左边括弧里。

( )1.A.machine B.dictionary C.Russian D.question

( )2.A.popular B.large C.remarkable D.dark

( )3.A.church B.chalk C.character D.cheat

( )4.A.cheat B.weak C.increase D.area

( )5.A.copy B.loudly C.today D.Monday

二、词汇与语法知识(共25小题;每题1.5分，共37.5分。)

从每小题的四个选择项中，选出最佳的一项，并把它前面的大写字母填入左边的括弧里。

( )6.—The sea isvery roughtoday. —Yes， I've never seen_______ before.

A.such rough sea B.such a rough sea C.so rough sea D.that rough sea

( )7.—She'sbroken her arm again. —Again? I______ she_______ ever broken it before.

A.don't know; has B.didn't know; had C.didn't know; has D.hadn't know; would

( )8.—Hasthe wallet been returned yet? —No， but we expect______ any day now.

A.to return it B.itto return C.itto be returned D.it returned

( )9.—I've beentoldto pay the rent. —But it'salready been paiD.It______ by someone else.

A.must be B.may be C.must be paid D.must have been paid

( )10. Montreal islarger than_______ in CanadA.

A.any city B.any cities C.any other cities D.any other city

( )11. Human'sbrainsare larger in proportionto their bodiesthan_______.

A.whales B.a whale C.that of whales D.those of whales

( )12. Before writing your article，______， collect your material， and prepare an outline.

A.atopic should be selected B.atopicto be selected C.yourtopic should be selected D.select atopic

( )13.—I usually travel by train. —Why not________ by plane for a change?

A.to try going B.tryingto go C.to try and go D.try going

( )14. The boy lay in the street， hiseyes_______ and hishands______.

A.closing; trembling B.closed; trembled C.closing; trembled D.closed; trembling

( )15. He_______ here for 20 yearsby the end of next month.

A.hadworked B.hasworked C.will have worked D.will work

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参加全国卷1的省份是河北、河南、山西、广西，（陕西）。全国卷I（河北、河南、山西、广西）注:英语考卷划分有所不同

参加全国卷2考试的省份是贵州、黑龙江、吉林、云南、甘肃、新疆、内蒙古、青海、西藏。

参加全国卷2(数学)考试的省份有：贵州、黑龙江、吉林、云南、甘肃、新疆、内蒙古、青海、西藏

参加2008年高考语文试卷（全国卷2）考试的省份有：贵州、黑龙江、吉林、云南、甘肃、新疆、内蒙古、青海、西藏

参加2008年高考理科综合试卷（全国卷1）考试的省份有：辽宁、河北、河南、山西、安徽、浙江、福建、江西、湖南、湖北、陕西、广西

参加2008年高考文科综合试卷（全国卷1）考试的省份有：辽宁、河北、河南、山西、安徽、浙江、福建、江西、湖南、湖北、陕西、广西。

陕西高考英语考些什么时态

08年高考英语阅读长难句解析

1.Their study found that theobromine，found in cocoa，was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine，which was considered the best cough medicine at present.

The Imperial College London researchers who published their results online said the discovery could lead to more effective cough treatment，“while coughing is not necessarily harmful(有害的) it can have a major effect on the quality of life and” this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this problem，” said Professor Peter Barnes.

(NMET2008全国 ll D篇)

译文：目前，可卡因是最佳的止咳药物，可是他们的研究发现在可可粉中包含的可可碱，其疗效又比可卡因几乎高三分之一。在因特网上公布了他们的研究成果的伦敦皇家大学的研究员们说道：这种发现可能有助于找到更有效的治咳方式。彼得?巴恩斯教授说道：“这种发现可能在治咳史上向前迈了一大步”。

简析：第一个句子中有一个宾语从句，宾语从句中有一过去分词短语found in cocoa作定语，还有一个非限制性定语从句；第二个句子中有一个定语从句。

实例： 53.According to Professor Barnes，theobromine______.

A.cannot be as effective as codeine

B.can be harmful to people’s health

C.cannot be separated from chocolate

D.can be a more effective cure for coughs

2.Much of the energy that comes from the Sun never reaches the Earth’s surface.It is either reflected or absorbed by the gases in the upper atmosphere.Of the energy that reaches the lower atmosphere，30% is reflected by clouds or the Earth’s surface.The remaining 70% warms the surface of the planet.(NMET 2008 江苏卷B篇)

简析：句子中含有两个定语从句，这是解题的关键。 either ...or连结的是并列结构。

译文：来自太阳的大部分能量都不会到达地球的表面，这种能量或者被上层大气中的气体反射或吸收。在到达低层大气的能量中，有30%的能量被云层或地球的表面所反射，剩下的70%使地球的表面温暖。

实例： 60.Only a small part of the Sun’s energy reaches the Earth’s surface because most of it is______.

A.absorbed by the clouds in the lower atmosphere

B.reflected by the gases in the upper atmosphere

C.lost in the upper and lower atmosphere

D.used to evaporate water from the oceans and lakes

3.The response to her request for help was so huge that Poe established Kids For A Cleaner Environment (Kids F.A.C.E.) in 1989.There are now 300，000 members of Kids FACE worldwide and is the world’s largest youth environmental organization.

(NMET 2008 山东卷D篇)

简析：第一句中夹杂有一个结果状语从句，又有复杂主语。主语的中心语为The response，其后的to her request for help为后置定语，第二句是由and并列的两个简单句，其中第二句中承前省略了主语kids FACE。

译文：人们对她请求帮助的反应如此强烈以至于波建立了一个为了更洁净环境的孩子的组织。现在这个组织在全世界有300，000名成员，并且它是世界上最大的青少年环保组织。

实例：72.Kids F.A.C.E is______.

A.a program to help students with writing

B.a project of litter recycling

C.a campaign launched by President Bush

D.a club of environmental protection

73.What can we learn about Poe?

A.She was awarded a prize in Brazil.

B.She donated billboard across the country.

C.She got positive responses for her efforts

D.She joined the National Park Service.

4.One of the reasons that made it cool for him not to care was the power of his peer(同龄人) group.(NMET 2008 辽宁卷C篇)

简析：夹杂定语从句和形式宾语结构。

译文：对他来说，不关心自己的学习是一种酷的标志的原因之一是受到他的同龄人的影响。

实例： 64.Why did Tom give up studying?

A.He disliked his teachers.

B.His parents no longer supported him.

C.It’s cool for boys of his age not to care about studies.

D.There were too many subjects in his secondary school.

5.The endless choice gives birth to anxiety in people’s lives.Buying something as basic as a coffee pot is not exactly simple.Easy access to a wide range of everyday goods leads to a sense of powerlessness in many people，ending in the shopper giving up and walking away，or just buying an unsuitable item(商品) that is not really wanted.(NMET 2008重庆卷E篇)

简析：句子中夹杂着固定短语，v-ing式作主语，复杂主语，v-ing式作结果状语以及定语从句。

译文：无穷尽的选择给人们的生活带来了无尽的烦恼。买像咖啡壶这样最基本的东西也不是那么简单了。对许多人而言，面对触手可及的一系列的日常用品却感到眼花了乱、不知所措，结果是购物者只好放弃选择、匆匆而去，或者仅仅买了一件并非真正需要的不合适的商品。

实例：73.Why do more choices of goods give rise to anxiety?

A.Professionals find it hard to decide on a suitable product.

B.People are likely to find themselves overcome by business persuasion.

C.Shoppers may find themselves lost in the broad range of items.

D.Companies and advertisers are often misleading about the range of choice.

6.As the only girl in a family of seven children，she often felt like she had “seven fathers，” because her six brothers，as well as her father，tried to control her.Feeling shy and unimportant，she retreated(躲避) into books.Despite her love of reading，she did not do well in elementary school because she was too shy to participate.(NMET 2008天津卷A篇)

简析：第一句主干结构为she felt like ...because ...，句首内容为状语，because从句中有一个插入成份。第二句中v-ing作状语表原因。第三句主干结构为：she didn’t ...because ...。

译文：作为家庭七个孩子中唯一的女孩，她常常有一种感觉，就是她拥有“七个父亲”，原因是她的六个兄弟和她的父亲都想控制她。由于羞怯和觉得无地位的缘故，她总是埋头苦读。尽管她酷爱读书，可是在小学她的成绩不佳，因为她太害羞而不能积极地参与。

实例：36.Which of the following is TRUE about Cisneros in her childhood?

A.She had seven brothers.

B.She felt herself a nobody.

C.She was too shy to go to school.

D.She did not have any good teachers.

7.They may think that eating lunch is the cause of the sleepiness.Or，in summer，they may think it is the heat.However，the real reason lies inside their bodies.At that time —about eight hours after you wake up—your body temperature goes down.This is what makes you slow down and feel sleepy.

(NMET 2008 四川卷C篇)

简析：句中夹杂两个宾语从句，一个时间状语从句和一个what引导的表语从句。

译文：他们可能认为吃午饭是他们困乏的原因。或者在夏天，他们可能认为是炎热的缘故。然而，真正的原因在于他们身体的内部。在那时，也就是说，在你醒来大约八个小时之后，你的体温开始呈下降的趋势。这就是使你行动迟缓并且感到困乏的原因。

实例：44.Why do people feel sleepy in the early afternoon according to the text?

A.They eat too much for lunch.

B.They sleep too little at night.

C.Their body temperature becomes lower.

D.The weather becomes a lot warmer.

8.These brain differences also explain the fact that more men take up jobs that require good spatial skills，while more women speech skills.It may all go back to our ancestors(祖先)，among whom women needed speech skills to take care of their babies and men needed spatial skills to hunt，according to one research.(NMET 2008陕西卷E篇)

简析：第一句中包含一个that引导的同位语从句，在其中又有一个that引导的定语从句，还有一介词 + 关系代词(among whom)引导的定语从句。注意more women之后省去了与前半句中相同的take up jobs that require ...。

译文：大脑这些差异也解释了这样的事实：更多的男性从事空间技能的工作，而更多的女性则从事需要语言技能的工作。这种现象也可以追溯到我们的祖先时代，据一项研究表明，在他们当中，女性做的是照看孩子这样的需要语言技能的工作，男性做的是像狩猎这样的需要空间技能的工作。

实例：59.Which of the following do you agree with according to the fourth paragraph?

A.Young boys may be stronger than young girls.

B.More women take up jobs requiring speech skills

C.Women may have stronger feelings than men.

D.Our ancestors needed more spatial skills.

9.In those days，IP rights were easily protected since it was very difficult to obtain intellectual property without paying for it.However，a lot of IP，including songs，films，books and artwork，can be downloaded today free of charge using the Internet.(NMET2008江西卷D篇)

简析：句中有since引导的原因状语从句，v-ing式作定语(including ...)和状语(without paying .../using the Internet)。

译文：在那个时代，知识产权很容易受到保护，因为不付费想得到知识产权是很困难的。然而，现在许多知识产权包括歌曲、**、书籍和艺术品通过使用因特网都可以免费下载。

实例： 69.What do we know about the Internet according to the passage?

A.It makes IP rights harder to protect.

B.It sells songs and films.

C.It does not affect the way we understand IP rights.

D.It prevents the production of artwork.

70.According to paragraph 2，what has “taken the world by storm”?

A.Intellectual property rights.

B.The Internet.

C.Free downloading.

D.The large number of songs，films and books.

10.The busier we are，the more important we seem to ourselves and，we imagine，to others.To be unavailable to our friends and family，and to be unable to find time to relax—this has become the model of a successful life.(NMET 2008湖北卷D篇)

简析：句中有“The + 比较级，the + 比较级”的结构，还有复杂的不定式结构。

译文：我们越忙，对我们自己而言，而且我们也以为在其他人看来，我们越重要。我们无空帮助朋友，找不到时间照顾家庭，找不到自己放松的时间，这已经成为了成功生活的模式。

实例：74.According to Paragraph 4，a successful person is one who is believed to ____ .

A.be able to work without stress

B.be more talented than other people

C.be more important than anyone else

D.be busy working without time to rest

11.The researchers said that among the problems with some earlier studies is that they often failed to take into account those people most at risk for skin cancer—people with fair skin and freckles(雀斑)，for example—are more likely to use sunscreen.As a result，it may appear that sunscreen users get cancer more often.(NMET 2008福建卷E篇)

简析：第一句的主体结构为：The research said that ...is that they failed to ...，其中第一个that引导一个宾语从句，宾语从句中又含有一个倒装结构，其中主语为that they often ...的一个主语从句，表语为among the problems with ...。破折号间内容为插入语。

译文：研究员们说，早期研究带来的问题之一是他们没有考虑到那些最有可能患皮肤癌人，比如皮肤白皙和有雀斑的人。可是皮肤白皙的和有雀斑的人最有可能使用防晒剂，结果是好像防晒剂的使用者患皮肤癌更常见。

实例：73.People with fair skin and freckles______.

A.seldom use sunscreen

B.are more in danger of skin cancer

C.can be free from the harm of the sun

D.often expose themselves to the sun

12.Yocum and Bell，who have just completed an art gallery for the city，feel that the experience from decoration of their building，focusing on the inside rather than the outside，has influenced their work.It has also given these architects a chance to show how they can make more out of less.(NMET 2008湖南卷B篇)

简析：该句中有一个who引导的定语从句，两个宾语从句(分别由that及how引导)，v-ing式作定语。第一句的主体结构为：Yocum and Bell feel that the experience has influenced their work。

译文：刚刚为这座城市建成艺术画廊的约克姆和贝尔，确切感受到装饰他们自己的房子中获得的经验，也就是说，把装饰的注意力放在房子的里面而不是外面对他们的工作产生了影响。同时这使这两位建筑师有了一次机会去展示他们是如何以较少的钱做更多的事。

实例：63.It can be inferred from the passage that Yocum and Bell______.

A.benefited a lot from pulling down the roof

B.turned more old buildings into art galleries

C.got inspiration from decorating their old building

D.paid more attention to the outside of the gallery

构成时态的助动词be (is, am, are), have (has), shall, will 等需根据主语的变化来选择。

时态是英语中一个重要的语法范畴，它表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态以及动作发生或存在的方式。动作发生的时间可分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种形式，动作发生的方式可分为一般、完成、进行和完成进行四种形式。将时间形式和动作方式结合起来，就构成了以下

一 般

完 成

进 行

完 成 进 行

现 在

现在一般时

do

现在完成时

have done

现在进行时

is doing

现在完成进行时

have been doing

过 去

过去一般时

did

过去完成时

had done

过去进行时

was doing

过去完成进行时

had been doing

将 来

将来一般时

will do

将来完成时

will have done

将来进行时

will be doing

将来完成进行时

will have been doing

过去将来

过去将来一般时

would do

过去将来完成时

would have done

过去将来进行时

would be doing

过去将来完成进行时

would have been doing

英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有9种。 要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。

1、一般现在时

主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等时间状语； 表示客观规律和永恒真理等。

He usually goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning. 他每天7点上班。

2、现在进行时

表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动：或表感彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually，again等连用表示说话人的某种感彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。

We are having English class.

我们正在上英语课。

3、现在完成时

表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。

They have lived in Beijing for five years.

他们在北京已经住了5年了。

4．一般过去时

表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago;

He used to smoke a lot.

他过去抽烟比较厉害。

5. 过去进行时

表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。

Beijing was hosting the 29th Olympic Games in August 2008.

在2008年8月，北京正在举行29届奥运会。

6. 过去完成时

表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用 ( before, after, by, up till )

They finished earlier than we had expected.

他们提前完成了（工作）。

7. 一般将来时

表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示将来的时间状语连用。

I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.

我明天就要离开北京。

8、将来进行时

表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。

I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。

9、将来完成时

表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。如：by the end of this year, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time…, before或when等引导的副词从句。

By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.

到下个月底，他步行将达到1000英里。

英语共有十六个时态、四个体。（注：四个体为——一般、进行、完成、完成进行。）

英语中的四个体相当于法语、西班牙语以及所有印欧语系罗曼语族中的式，如：直陈式，命令式等。

（1）一般现在时

基本形式（以do为例）：

第三人称单数：does（主语为非第三人称单数）；

肯定句：主语＋动词原形＋其他；

He works for us.

否定句：主语＋don‘t/doesn't＋动词原形＋其他；

He doesn't work for us.

一般疑问句：Do/Does＋主语＋动词原形＋其他。

肯定回答：Yes，（＋ 主语＋do/does）．

否定回答：No，（＋主语＋don't/doesn't.）

特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句语

Does he work for us?

Yes, he does.

No, he doesn't

What does he do for us?

He works for us.

（2）一般过去时

be动词＋行为动词的过去式

否定句式：在行为动词前加didn‘t，同时还原行为动词，或was／were＋not；

was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did提问，同时还原行为动词

例如： Did he work for us?

He didn't work for us.

He worked for us.

（3）一般将来时

am／are／is＋going to＋do 或

will／shall＋do

am/is/are/about to + do

am/is/are to + do;

一般将来时的表达方法

be going to +动词原形

be +不定式,be to+动词原形,be about to ＋动词原形

be able to +不定式

be about to+动词原形

will + 动词原形；

例如：He is going to work for us.

He will work for us；

He is coming.这是特殊的用一般现在时 表达 将来时态 的例子！！

(4)过去将来时

be（was，were）going to+动词原形

be（was，were）about to+动词原形

be（was，were）to+动词原形

肯定句：主语+be（was，were）going to+动词原形～.

否定句：主语+be（was，were）not going to+动词原形～.

疑问句：Be（Was，Were）+主语+going to+动词原形～？

肯定句：主语+would（should）+动词原形～.

否定句：主语+would（should）not+动词原形～.

疑问句：Would（Should）+主语+动词原形～？

He would work for us.

(5)现在进行时

主语+be+v.ing〔现在分词〕形式(其中v表示动词)

表示现在正在进行的动作或最近在做的事。

例如：I am buying a book.

第一人称+am+doing+sth

第二人称+are+doing +sth （doing是泛指所有的v-ing形式）

第三人称+is+doing+sth

例：He is working.

(6)过去进行时

肯定句：主语+was/were+doing+其它

否定句：主语+was/were+not+doing+其它

一般疑问句及答语：Was/Were+主语+doing+其它 ；答语：Yes,I主语+was/were./No,I主语+wasn't/weren't.

特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+was/were+主语+doing+其它

He was working when he was alive.

(7)将来进行时

主语+will + be +现在分词

He will be working for us.=He will work for us.

(8)过去将来进行时

should(would)+be+现在分词

He said that he would be working for us.=He said that he would work for us.

(9)现在完成时

基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done)

①肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他

②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他

③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他

④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他\

He has worked for us for ten years.

Has he worked for us for ten years.

(10)过去完成时

基本结构：主语+had+过去分词(done)

①肯定句：主语+had+过去分词+其他

②否定句：主语+had+not+过去分词+其他

③一般疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词+其他

肯定回答：Yes,主语+had

否定回答：No,主语+hadn't

④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（had+主语+过去分词+其他）

语法判定:

（ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。如：

I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.

（ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。如：

We had learnt over two thousand English words by the end of last term.

（ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。如：

They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

(11)将来完成时

（shall）will+have+动词过去分词

before+将来时间或by+将来时间

before或by the time引导的现在时的从句

He will have worked for us.=He will work for us.

(12)过去将来完成时

should / would have done sth.

He said that he would have worked for us.=He said that he would work for us.

(13)现在完成进行时

基本与现在完成时相同，但是现在完成进行时只能表示仍然持续的概念

have/has been +-ing 分词

He has been working for us for ten years.=He has worked for us for ten years.

(14)过去完成进行时

had been +-ing 分词

He said that he had been working for us for ten years.=He said that he had worked for us for ten years.

(15)将来完成进行时

主语+ shall/will have been doing

He will have been working for us.=He will work for us.

翻译为：他最近一直在为我们工作（过去在工作，现在在工作，将来还会工作）

(16)过去将来完成进行时

should+have been+现在分词用于第一人称

would have been+现在分词用于其他人称

He said that he would have been working for us.=He said that he would work for us.

举例：

英语中有12个主要时态，都来自于三时（过去、现在、将来）

现在以I listen为例，举例英语中有12个主要时态如下所示：

一般现在时：I listen

现在进行时：I am listening

过去进行时：I was listening

现在完成时：I have listened

现在完成进行时：I have been listening

一般将来时：I shall listen”或“I will listen.”

将来进行时：I shall be listening

一般过去时：I listened

过去完成时：I had listened

过去完成进行时：I had been listening

将来完成时： I shall have listened

将来完成进行时： I shall have been listening

英语中不存在属格

一个普遍的误解是在英语中只存在一个以“'s”结尾表示所属的属格。然而，语言学家已经表明英语的所有格完全不是一个格，而是一个独立的词并且在书写和发音上都不是前一个词的一部分，这可以有下面这个句子表明：The King of Sparta's wife was called Helen.（斯巴达国王的妻子叫做海伦。）如果“'s”是属格，那么“妻子”（wife）就属于“斯巴达”（Sparta），但是“'s”并不是只表示“斯巴达”（Sparta），而是表示“斯巴达国王”（King of Sparta）。

上面这个例子并不表明英语没有自己的属格；但是它现在已经发展成为另一个形式。在古英语中，ban的属格形式是banes。后来在现代英语中，这个发展成为了使用“'s”表示的“bone's”。在18世纪，人们对此的解释是省略号代替了一个属格代词，就像“the King's horse”是“the King, his horse”的缩写。但是这个解释是不正确的。人们更相信是省略号代替了古英语中的“e”。

英语和“与格”

在现代英语中，与格不再是英语语法的一部分，它只出现在一些表达用语中。一个很好的例子是单词methinks（据我看来）。它来源于古英语的与格形式变化：me（与格的人称代词）+thinks（to seem，与动词词组to think很接近的一个词组）。　与格在英语中可以不要前置词，例如在“He built me a snowman.”中一样。在这个例子中，“me”是与格。

英语中不可把被动语态作为一种时态

在部分英语教材中，由于编者自身对被动语态的理解或其他原因，错误的将被动语态当成一种时态，但其实，被动语态是一种语态，不可能当作时态。在英国，这是一个常识。因此，在英国，如果有人犯了这种错误，简直是贻笑大方。